Economic Models of the Landscape Services Market in Developed Countries and Their Adaptation Potential in Ukraine

Abstract

The article examines the economic models of the landscaping services market and substantiates approaches to their adaptation in the context of Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to develop a classification of economic models of the landscaping services market, to conduct a comparative analysis of their key parameters, and to substantiate the principles for adapting foreign experience to Ukrainian conditions. Methods. The research employs a set of general scientific and special methods, including analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, logical generalization, a structural-functional approach, and statistical interpretation, which made it possible to systematize approaches to market analysis and identify its key economic characteristics. Results. The study demonstrates that the landscaping services market represents an intersectoral segment of the service economy that combines infrastructural, environmental, and entrepreneurial components. An original typology of five economic models is proposed: contract-based service, project-development, integrated, innovative, and platform-based. It is substantiated that the contract-based service and integrated models exhibit the highest level of economic sustainability, as they ensure recurring income and more predictable cash flows. A comparative analysis of the markets of the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavian countries made it possible to identify market-consolidation, regulatory-quality, and publicly integrated models of market organization. It is determined that the Ukrainian market is characterized by fragmentation, informality, the absence of industry standards, and weak institutional support. Conclusions. A three-level model for the development of the landscaping services market in Ukraine is proposed, which provides for a gradual transition from local service companies to cooperation with local self-government bodies and further integration into post-war recovery processes. The results obtained can be applied in the development of industry standards, the support of entrepreneurship, and the improvement of public policy in the field of green infrastructure. It is also established that the absence of system-forming mechanisms limits market scalability, distorts pricing processes, and reduces investment attractiveness.