Directions for eliminating asymmetry in the international labor market in the context of Industry 4.0 and 5.0.

Abstract

Purpose.  This study aims to analyze mechanisms for overcoming asymmetry in the international labor market in the context of Industry 4.0 and 5.0. Special attention is given to employment transformation under the influence of digital technologies and the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in labor market regulation.  Methods. A systematic approach was applied, incorporating analysis and synthesis methods to examine regulatory mechanisms for addressing labor market asymmetry, TNC digitalization strategies, and educational policies. A content analysis of corporate practices was conducted to identify effective approaches to mitigating employment imbalances in the era of Industry 4.0 and 5.0.  Results. The study confirms that automation of production processes reduces demand for low-skilled labor while increasing demand for specialists in programming, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity. TNCs play a key role in balancing the labor market by implementing digital technologies, supporting flexible employment models, and investing in workforce training. It was found that existing regulatory mechanisms only partially compensate for the growing imbalance, necessitating updates to educational standards and expanding international cooperation on labor mobility issues. Conclusions. Proposed measures to address labor market asymmetry include the creation of adaptive educational platforms, the development of financial support mechanisms for retraining, and the improvement of international regulatory tools for labor migration. Effective integration of digital technologies into employment and education processes will contribute to a resilient labor market system capable of responding to the challenges of Industry 4.0 and 5.0.